Early Detection of Short-Term Performance Degradation in Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries via Physics-Guided Multi-Sensor Fusion and Deep Learning

Early detection of battery degradation is essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of electric vehicle (EV) systems under real-world operating variability. This paper proposes a physics-guided multi-sensor learning framework, termed SensorFusion-Former (SFF), for early warning of short-term EV battery performance degradation. The proposed approach integrates a physics-based baseline model for operational normalization, a multi-sensor fusion attention mechanism to model cross-modality interactions, and a lightweight transformer architecture for efficient temporal representation learning. Weak supervision is derived from physics-consistent residual analysis with temporal smoothing, enabling scalable training without dense manual annotations. To support reliable deployment, evidential uncertainty modeling and conformal calibration are incorporated to obtain statistically controlled decision thresholds. Experiments conducted on a real driving cycle dataset from IEEE DataPort demonstrate that SFF consistently outperforms classical machine learning methods, deep neural networks, and standard transformer models in terms of early-warning lead time, false alarm rate, and inference efficiency, while maintaining competitive discriminative performance. Cross-scenario evaluations under diverse thermal conditions further confirm the robustness and generalization capability of the proposed framework.