Real-Time Two-Stage Scheduling of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Using a SMPD Framework
Real-time scheduling of large-scale electric vehicle (EV) charging stations is essential for improving service efficiency, operational profitability, and grid coordination. However, most existing studies formulate charging scheduling as a single-stage unified decision problem that jointly handles discrete service access and continuous power control. Such a formulation fails to capture the inherently hierarchical operating mechanism of large-scale charging stations and often suffers from limited interpretability, enlarged action spaces, and reduced scalability under stochastic arrivals, dynamic departures, and time-varying resource […]