In federated learning (FL), accommodating clients with diverse resource constraints remains a significant challenge. A widely adopted approach is to use a shared full-size model, from which each client extracts a submodel aligned with its computational budget. However, regardless of the specific scoring strategy, these methods rely on the same global backbone, limiting both structural diversity and representational adaptation across clients. This paper presents FRAMP, a unified framework for personalized and resource-adaptive federated learning. Instead of relying on […]

Ver mais

Livestock growth prediction is essential for optimising farm management and improving the efficiency and sustainability of livestock production, yet it remains underexplored due to limited large-scale datasets and privacy concerns surrounding farm-level data. Existing biophysical models rely on fixed formulations, while most machine learning approaches are trained on small, isolated datasets, limiting their robustness and generalisability. To address these challenges, we propose LivestockFL, the first federated learning framework specifically designed for livestock growth prediction. LivestockFL enables collaborative model […]

Ver mais

arXiv:2602.20213v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: The evaluation of Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation relies heavily on the quality and robustness of test cases. However, existing benchmarks often lack coverage for subtle corner cases, allowing incorrect solutions to pass. To bridge this gap, we propose CodeHacker, an automated agent framework dedicated to generating targeted adversarial test cases that expose latent vulnerabilities in program submissions. Mimicking the hack mechanism in competitive programming, CodeHacker employs a multi-strategy approach, including […]

Ver mais

arXiv:2606.26099v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in artificial intelligence (AI) governance analysis across national and international organisations. There is, however, growing evidence that such models produce significantly less accurate responses for countries that are underrepresented in their training data-a pattern described in existing literature as geographic bias. Existing studies examining this phenomenon are subject to three methodological limitations that together undermine their findings: (1) reliance on proprietary systems whose weights are not […]

Ver mais

Quantum Machine Learning (QML) promises significant computational advantages, but preserving training data privacy remains challenging. Classical approaches like differentially private stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD) add noise to gradients but fail to exploit the unique properties of quantum gradient estimation. In this work, we introduce the Differentially Private Parameter-Shift Rule (Q-ShiftDP), the first privacy mechanism tailored to QML. By leveraging the inherent boundedness and stochasticity of quantum gradients computed via the parameter-shift rule, Q-ShiftDP enables tighter sensitivity analysis and […]

Ver mais

arXiv:2601.17096v1 Announce Type: new Abstract: Recent scholarship typically characterizes Large Language Models (LLMs) through either an textit{Instrumental Paradigm} (viewing models as reflections of their developers’ culture) or a textit{Substitutive Paradigm} (viewing models as bilingual proxies that switch cultural frames based on language). This study challenges these anthropomorphic frameworks by proposing textbf{Machine Culture} as an emergent, distinct phenomenon. We employed a 2 (Model Origin: US vs. China) $times$ 2 (Prompt Language: English vs. Chinese) factorial design across eight multimodal […]

Ver mais

Over the last 10 years, I spent a lot of time analyzing the digits of the classic math constants such as π, e, log 2, √2 and so on. Not testing them for randomness but trying to formally prove that they are undistinguishable from random bit streams. And trying to identify which constants are the easiest targets to obtain seminal results. Trillions of digits (of π in particular) have been computed. They pass all known tests of randomness. […]

Ver mais

Instrumental variable (IV) methods mitigate bias from unobserved confounding in observational causal inference but rely on the availability of a valid instrument, which can often be difficult or infeasible to identify in practice. In this paper, we propose a representation learning approach that constructs instrumental representations from observed covariates, which enable IV-based estimation even in the absence of an explicit instrument. Our model (ZNet) achieves this through an architecture that mirrors the structural causal model of IVs; it […]

Ver mais

Among on-policy reinforcement learning algorithms, Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) demonstrates is widely favored for its simplicity, numerical stability, and strong empirical performance. Standard PPO relies on surrogate objectives defined via importance ratios, which require evaluating policy likelihood that is typically straightforward when the policy is modeled as a Gaussian distribution. However, extending PPO to more expressive, high-capacity policy models such as continuous normalizing flows (CNFs), also known as flow-matching models, is challenging because likelihood evaluation along the full […]

Ver mais