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This paper introduces a quantitative refinement of the classical concept of differentiability within the space of real functions. Shifting the focus from the qualitative existence of the derivative to a scale-sensitive framework, we define two new invariants of the radii of differentiability: the radius of pointwise differentiability and the radius of uniform differentiability. These radii quantify the maximal horizontal scale over which the first-order Taylor approximation remains valid for a prescribed error tolerance ε. The theoretical development establishes […]

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Anthropic’s Claude Mythos Preview (April 2026) introduces a class of AI-accelerated cybersecurity capabilities that intersects directly with Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) migration. Drawing on federal guidance from NIST, NSA, OMB, and CISA, and on independent analyses from CETaS (Alan Turing Institute) and the UK AI Security Institute, we present a systems-engineering analysis of how Mythos-class models alter PQC migration timelines, risk surfaces, lifecycle dependencies, and architectural constraints. Mythos performs autonomous reasoning against previously unknown vulnerabilities in production software — […]

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Endpoint protection systems increasingly rely on a combination of signature-based and behavioral detection mechanisms, yet their robustness under systematic code transformation remains insufficiently understood. This paper presents a multi-category evaluation of endpoint detection robustness under automated, semantic-preserving code transformations across diverse execution variants. We introduce TransForge, a generalized transformation framework designed to generate functionally equivalent execution variants for controlled robustness assessment across heterogeneous artifact categories and programming environments. Building on our prior work, ShellForge, which focused on a […]

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For more than a century, freight rail has evolved around one dominant constraint: energy cost. From steam to coal to diesel, each generation of rail has been defined by the same underlying challenge: how to move massive freight loads while managing one of the industry’s largest and most persistent operating expenses. Despite improvements in engine efficiency and logistics, energy has remained structurally difficult to reduce. In many rail systems, it can still account for up to ~20% of […]

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AI systems are increasingly built around data that does not really pause. Financial markets are an obvious example, where inputs keep updating, not arriving in fixed batches. In that kind of setup, something like the BNB price stops being a single figure and starts to look more like a stream that keeps changing. Cryptocurrency markets tend to exaggerate that effect. Movement is not always smooth and patterns do not always repeat in a clean way. For AI models, […]

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Artificial intelligence has rapidly become a default expectation in modern mobile applications, yet its integration often remains superficial. Many applications label features as “AI-powered” while relying on basic heuristics or overusing cloud-based APIs without architectural consideration. On iOS, where performance, privacy, and responsiveness are critical, integrating AI effectively requires more than attaching a model to a feature. It demands careful decisions around execution environments, data flow, lifecycle management, and user experience. When implemented correctly, AI becomes an invisible […]

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There is a particular kind of design problem that nobody really prepares you for in school, and it is not really described in most design job requirements. It is the kind of problem where the technology you are designing for is, by its very nature, invisible; where the product is working in the background, tracking, measuring, or enabling something, and the only moment where the user really experiences it is through the little screen they are looking at […]

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