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Modeling causal relationships in graph representation learning remains a fundamental challenge. Existing approaches often draw on theories and methods from causal inference to identify causal subgraphs or mitigate confounders. However, due to the inherent complexity of graph-structured data, these approaches frequently aggregate diverse graph elements into single causal variables, an operation that risks violating the core assumptions of causal inference. In this work, we prove that such aggregation compromises causal validity. Building on this conclusion, we propose a […]

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Image Source: Vaultwarden Github Full text can also be viewed here. Password vaults are a convenient and secure way to manage multiple passwords. As data breaches become more and more common, security guidance changes lead to an inevitable mishmash of credentials that are impossible to remember when not used daily. The logic behind constantly-evolving password guidelines is beyond the scope of this guide, but recent word from NIST on password vaults recommends their use: Verifiers SHALL allow the […]

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The data was fine. For now. That was the problem. Sharing something from my own work that stuck with me. Hope it resonates. I was not looking for it. I was in the middle of a data programme. SQL scripts, Power BI dashboards, process maps, the usual. Head down in the analysis, trying to make sense of what the systems actually held versus what people thought they held. Those two things are often quite different and the gap […]

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No, no, I am not. But I managed to extend an enterprise-grade product with a new functionality. Does it work? Yes. Was it painful? Also yes. Is the code any good? Ehm. Let’s dive in, shall we? If you read my last piece on the “Synthetic Web,” you know I believe AI is a massive lever for productivity, but it requires a human to inject the variance, the taste, and the strategic direction. Recently, I decided to skip […]

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A “market pulse” screen is basically the tab you keep open when you don’t want to stare at charts all day. It tells you what’s moving right now, what’s unusually volatile, and which names are starting to move together. Not in a research-paper way. In a product way. The kind of feed you could drop into a media platform or investing app and have it feel instantly useful. In this tutorial, we’ll build a minimal version of that […]

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Sometimes there come a time in your career when you want to take the next step in your development, but you may not be sure what that next step is or what opportunities it will open up for you. I like the quote: Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards. Kierkegaard On my way I decided to choose Robolectric and answer my questions about the structure of a library with an ambiguous reputation, […]

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This paper deals with some expressions of the fractional generalized Gronwall inequality when associated with both non-negative and non-positive singular kernels and establishes sharp Mittag- Leffler bounds containing different ingredients. The long-term behavior of non-autonomous fractional order systems by means of modified fractional Lyapunov theorems is analyzed. As an application, we give a few examples that use quadratic Lyapunov functions for typical fractional order systems to predict trajectories that ultimately aim to reach vector 0 as t → […]

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Large Language Models (LLMs) have materialised as revolutionary tools across various do- mains, showcasing exceptional capabilities in natural language processing and generation. However, their reliance on static pre-training data limits their ability to access up-to-date and domain-specific information. The existing research often treats augmentation strategies in isolation, and limited efforts have been made to systematically compare them through the lens of information integrity. This review focuses specifically on Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) and Fine-tuning, identifying them as the two […]

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For years, the internet ran on a simple mechanic: You searched. n You scanned links. n You clicked. n You decided. That flow is no longer guaranteed. Increasingly, users are skipping the “list of links” phase entirely and moving straight to synthesized answers generated by AI systems. This is not just a UX improvement. It’s a structural shift in how information is accessed. And it introduces a new problem: If your content isn’t used to generate the answer, […]

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Student dropout is a persistent concern in Learning Analytics, yet comparative studies frequently evaluate predictive models under heterogeneous protocols, prioritizing discrimination over temporal interpretability and calibration. This study introduces a survival-oriented benchmark for temporal dropout risk modelling using the Open University Learning Analytics Dataset (OULAD). Two harmonized arms are compared: a dynamic weekly arm, with models in person-period representation, and a comparable continuous-time arm, with an expanded roster of families — tree-based survival, parametric, and neural models. The […]

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